Thursday, November 28, 2019

Was Stalin the Most Successful Candidate to Succeed Lenin free essay sample

Stalin was not the most likely candidate to succeed Lenin. By looking at the facts and the background history of Stalin, it is quite clear that he was not the favoured candidate. The cons outweighed the pros and numerous reasons such as Lenin’s testament, Stalin’s poor revolutionary record, not being an intellectual thinker and being a dull and uninspiring person all led Stalin to being a less favoured candidate. Lenin was the overall leader of communist Russia, and was very well respected. His word was law, and they carried weight in the party. Therefore, Lenin’s testament would have made the party biased against Stalin due to the fact that he criticises Stalin by calling him â€Å"rude† and by mentioning that he proposes â€Å"the comrades to find a way to remove Stalin from that position and appoint to it another man who greatly differs from Stalin. † By mentioning such a thing makes it clear that Lenin does not think highly of Stalin for he wants to remove him, and if Lenin, the great leader of the Communist party does not want Stalin as secretary for he believes he holds too much power, then surely being the leader of the Communist party is more power than Stalin needs? Stalin was not a revolutionary man with people such as Trotsky having a far greater revolutionary record than him. We will write a custom essay sample on Was Stalin the Most Successful Candidate to Succeed Lenin? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He was a man of little initiative and preferred to take on the role of a follower rather than that of a leader. This would have been a problem for the party required someone with initiative and great leadership to steer Communist Russia in the right direction- something which Stalin lacked. He was also not an intellectual thinker. This was a bad thing, for being an intellectual thinker was one of the qualities the party looked highly upon. To be an intellectual thinker meant that you would be able to lead Russia into great heights and prosper, so for Stalin to fall short upon such qualities did little to improve his favour. By being from the South, the opposing parties could argue whether or not Stalin should be able to lead, for he lived near the Turkish border. Therefore, Stalin could be criticised for not truly being Russian, and Communist Russia required a Russian leader. Stalin also had a few bad qualities such as being dull and uninspiring. He was unable to rouse up crowds in the way Lenin and Trotsky were able to, so the party deciding who would take over after Lenin may have feared that the public would not take Stalin seriously if he could not win the crowds over. Then there was the fact that there were better candidates than him. Bukharin was more popular than Stalin, with Lenin calling Bukharin â€Å"the favourite of the whole party† and Trotsky was widely seen as the no. 2- the person most likely to take over after Stalin. However Stalin did have some chances of being chosen. He had the appeal of the Politburo party, as he was responsible for the recruitment, appointment and promotion of Party members. This would have led to the Party members being grateful to Stalin and so would have backed him as a candidate due to it. Then there was the fact that Stalin was the secretary to the Communist party, and had control over all the inner workings. This meant that he was able to make things go in his favour, by not informing his competitors about important things. This was seen in the case of Trotsky, where Stalin told him the wrong date for Lenin’s funeral, causing Trotsky to lose favour from some of his supporters. Lenin Enrolment was also a key factor. As Stalin was in charge of Lenin Enrolment, he was able to choose who was enrolled in the Communist Party. By recruiting 50, 000 members, Stalin undoubtedly had a good chance of winning, for like with the Politburo party, the party members would have been grateful, and would, in theory, have backed him as the leader. Stalin also had the ‘common touch’, meaning he would be valued by the proletariats as they would see him as an ordinary man. By having such a quality, it would have gained him a higher percentage of support amongst proletariats as they would have classed him as their own. Stalin was also a cunning and highly political man. These would have been good qualities to have, for Communist Russia was based on a series of politics. Therefore, a leader with prior knowledge of what the politics were would have undoubtedly have been helpful. By being cunning, it would have also allowed Stalin to have a chance, for he would have used his cunning to make his opponents seem like bad choices- which would have put him in a good limelight. Then there was the fact that Stalin did not choose any â€Å"wing† such as Bukharin and Trotsky. By being in the centre, Stalin did not alienate any side, and by contrast, was able to gain much more allies than that of Bukharin and Trotsky. However, judging on Stalin’s qualities, and the background history of the other candidates, it is clear that though he may have been a good candidate, he was not the most likely candidate to take leadership. With Bukharin and Trotsky being more favoured, it is easy to assume that they would have had the most votes.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

MLK - I have a Dream essays

MLK - I have a Dream essays Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream delivers a powerful message driven by dreams of brotherhood and equality. The speech not only appeals to the same dreams shared by his listeners but also to their sense of reason and understanding that their goal is to right and undeniable wrong. Through different analogies and historical references, Dr. King is able to create a stirring and emotional speech sure to bring out the best in all who listen to it. King goes to great lengths to draw valid comparisons between the Negros plight and, of all things, banking. By doing this, Dr. King is able to simplify what could be construed as a complex argument into the basic process of cash(ing) a check. However, in the Kings speech, the person giving out the check is America and, much to his and the Negro peoples discontent, the check is being returned for insufficient funds. King believes that once the check can be cashed, the Negro people will be able to demand the riches of freedom and security of justice. King continues to make more analogies when he begins to draw comparisons between freedom and nature. King believes that that black people should rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. This is an appeal to those not in the fight to rise up and begin demanding justice. No one should have to live their lives in a desolate valley but rather should escape the quicksands of racial injustice and climb the solid rock of brotherhood. King even goes on to describe the racial climate as a sweltering summer which will not pass to autumn until freedom and equality are there for all to share. This can be seen as a warning to the movements opposition that, yes, the Negro people are infuriated and will fight, though peacefully, until justice has rained down acros...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Iron Ore Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Iron Ore - Dissertation Example However, most of the reserves that harbor such natural ores have now been depleted. Pig iron is made out of iron ore. This pig iron is one of the main raw materials used in the making of steel. Iron ore is believed to contribute more to the global economy than any other commodity in the world. Hematite is the main iron ore in the Brazilian miles (Axinn 2006). In the global world, metallic world is virtually unknown. It is the fourth most abundant element in the world, though, silicate or carbonate minerals are the vastest minerals. Formidable and extremely energy intensive barriers often are used to separate supremely pure iron from other minerals (David 2006). Before the industrial revolution, most of the iron used was obtained from goethite, which was widely available. Societies during the pre historic times used laterite as the main source of ore. Most of the iron ore used by the emergent industrialized societies was obtained from haematite. These deposits are often called the nat ural ores. The increased iron ore demands in conjunction with the depletion of the most high quality haematite in the United States of America led to development of low quality sources of iron. This happened especially after Second World War. These lower sources of iron require beneficiation to improve on their quality. Magnetite on the other hand, is used due to its magnetic properties. Therefore, it is able to be separated easily from other minerals and was able to produce high quality concentrate with minimal impurities. The mining of these iron ores vary considerably with the type of ore that is being mined. Currently, there are four types of ores of iron being worked on. The business of mining ore is often a low margin one due to the significant low level of iron than other base metals. It is expensive to mine, meaning it is extremely capital intensive. It requires a heavy investment in infrastructure such as rail transport in order to transport the ore from the mining sites to the freight ship. Therefore, mining of ore is concentrated among the majority few. The world leading and largest iron producer is Brazil. This mining corporation is referred to as vale. Other developed countries follow the line due to the high costs involved in the mining and transportation of the ore. My research question arises from my curiosity to find out how iron ore is produced, consumed and distributed in the global market. This is because I understand that the cost involved in its mining process and transportation is quite high. Therefore, I would like to find out how extreme the ore is mined and the processes used in the mining process (Edward 2007). Executive Summary This research is concerned with the production, consumption and distribution of iron ore globally. In other words, it seeks to show candidly the cycle of iron ores from its mining and separation from impurities until the moment it is processed and distributed to the global market for various uses. The researc h shows all the methods used in extraction of these iron ores and how it is separated from other metallic substances or impurities. It also reveals research rationale that is used in carrying out my research. In addition, this research paper has addressed my research question based on the prevailing international market and all the key findings that emerge (Institute 1997). Moreover, the methodology I use to address the research question is emergent in the research paper. The paper

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Financial and monitoring strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial and monitoring strategy - Essay Example The new Office and Finance Manager has proposed the following financial and monitoring system with special attention to the legal and tax information requirements of ATO. As Real-time is registered for paying both GST and PAYG, the company is liable to maintain and provide records pertaining to tax calculations. These records should be kept for a minimum of 5 years as per legal requirements. As the company registered last year for payment of both these taxes, it is proposed that back up copies of accounting records and information listed as below to be kept in both hard copy forms as well as in soft copies written to CDs. As Real-time is currently having a computerized accounting system with customized business software, it is not a difficult task to acquire the necessary information and reports. However there is a marked lack of procedures for maintaining some of the above records and proof of information such as cheque stubs, deposit slips and credit card dockets. At most times, these items are discarded at month end or misplaced without being file and kept for record keeping. As such it is proposed that a record room be allocated separately for safekeeping or accruing records, bearing in mind the minimum five year requirement for maintaining business records to meet legal requirements. Investment in a low range server is also proposed so that the company’s computer system can be updated and all personnel be linked via network connections. This upgrading will also facilitate the implementation of the fleet tracking and monitoring software program proposed in a bid to minimize idle times, and other costs associated with ineffective delivery activities. As GST is payable on the service bills of Real-time, the GST component of 10% of bill value will be recorded in all invoices. The invoicing system has been already adjusted to carry out this task and the GST payable component is calculated automatically by

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Financial accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial accounting - Essay Example It is headquartered at Dearborn, Michigan, USA. The company has remained under family ownership ever since (Bender, Slade, and Thorpe, 2009, p. 4). Ford Motor conducts its business in two different business segments namely, automotives and financial services sector. This report entails about the assets utilised by the company to carry on its business activities. This report also analyses the technological and other means through which the organisation generates revenue out of its assets. The process of asset valuation used by Ford Motors has also been included in this study. Finally the various sources of funds utilised by the company to conduct its operational activities have been discussed in this study. Assets The consolidated balance sheet of Ford Motors Company includes various types of assets owned by the company. Some of those items are: cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, finance receivables, investment in operating leases, inventories, property, deferred income taxes and intangible assets. As at 31 December 2011, Ford Motors had $18,618 million as marketable securities (Ford Motor Co., 2012). Marketable securities are a form of assets which helps in storing excess cash that can help to generate return for the company (Fabozzi, and Peterson, 2003, p. 645). Ford Motors is found to have invested in the marketable securities of automotive and financial services sector. Total assets of the company in the form of investment in operating leases were $12,838 million as on 31 December 2012 (Ford Motor Co., 2012, p. FS-4). Those operating leases mostly consisted of lease contracts for vehicles with all its different types of existing customers. Accounts receivables are mainly in the form of finance receivables which amounted to $69,976 million as at 31 December 2011. Other receivables amounted to $8,565 million (Ford Motor Co., 2012, FS-4). The finance receivables correspond to the automotive and financial services sector. The notes receivables in the automotive sector are primarily related to the purpose of restructuring the businesses of the company and loans with the suppliers. Ford Motor Credit Company LLC which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Ford motors offers different types of automotive financing products all around the world. Ford Credit's business activities mostly consist of supporting its dealers and financing the vehicles. This results in a large portfolio of leases and finance receivables for the company. The total inventories of the company as at 31 December 2011 were $5,901 million (Ford Motor Co., 2012, FS-4). The inventories of the company consisted of raw materials, work-in-process and supplies which amounted to $2,847 million at the end of the financial year 2011. The finished products amounted to $3,982 million and total inventory is calculated as $5,901 million after adjusting on the basis of (Last in First Out) LIFO. Thus the inventories of Ford motors are lean in nature because they follow the build t o order strategy (Ford Motor Co., 2012, FS-38). The inventories of the company which is primarily the service part obsolescence amounted to an ending balance of $249 million as at 31 December 2012 (Ford Motor Co., 2012, p. FSS-1). Use of Technology and Revenue Generation Revenues are recognised by the companies in United States mostly in accordance with the US GAAP (Nikolai, Bazley, and Jones, 2009, p. 931). Revenues from the automotive business segment of Ford Motors are generally generated through sales of automobiles and its accessories. Revenues are recorded in the books of account of the company only after the risks and rewards of ownership related to the products are completely transferred to its

Friday, November 15, 2019

Developing Energy Efficient Building Design

Developing Energy Efficient Building Design Introduction Aims and Objectives The following five points are the key aims and objectives of the proposed building design: To provide the client with an energy efficient building design. To utilise renewable energy systems to reduce the buildings carbon footprint. To use materials in the construction of the building fabric that minimise heat losses/gains so as to reduce the loads on the services systems, and therefore the energy consumption. To provide a flexible, let able HVAC system solution for the landlord/tenant. To provide a design solution in accordance with current Building Regulations. Building summary Heron Tower is an office block located in Central London near to Liverpool Street train station. The site is situated on a traffic island bordered by Camomile Street, Outwich Street and Bishopsgate. The building has a footprint of approximately 1610m2. Site Location Heron Tower is a lightweight steel frame construction, with a concrete structural slab. The external faà §ade of the building is predominantly glazed. The building consists of a basement level, Ground Floor and 2 Floors above ground. The basement will predominantly be used for plant and storage. The ground floor comprises an entrance lobby / reception area, retail area and a loading bay. Each of the floors above ground will be broken down into two distinct areas, the office area and the core area. The building has a flat roof that is available for use for plant and equipment. The office area is to be let to tenants and will be open plan, with a floor area of approximately 1270m2. The core area will be under the control of the building landlord and will house the lifts, stairs, toilets, service risers and will have an allowance for space for tenants plant. The core area has a floor area of approximately 340m2. The total floor area is therefore approximately 6440m2, of which 3900m2 is designated landlords space (i.e. plant, storage, services, retail etc.), and 2540m2 to be let. Occupancy Design Criteria Alert the reading where youre getting the information to design each room of the building, what standards you are trying to meet / exceed. From experience, this is best presented as a cut down of an Excel in the appendix in the form of a table. This sheet should have criteria for every room. Cut it down to every type of room, so it fits on one page, usually rotated, tricky. Environmental data from CIBSE Guide A  [2]   Lighting data from CIBSE LG7 -Lighting for Offices  [3]   Ventilation Cooling Heating Domestic Cold Water The domestic cold water service will be provided via a cold water booster set, taking water from a mains fed storage tank. This service will provide water for drinking, toilets, cleaning, mechanical pressurisation units, and will also feed the domestic hot water system via an unvented storage calorifier. The cold water service will be sized as follows: Occupancy: Cold water demand: Hot water demand: Domestic Hot Water The domestic hot water service will be provided via a two-pipe system fed from a central unvented storage calorifier, with a system pump to circulate the water to maintain the temperature. It is proposed that the primary method of heating the water is produced using an indirect solar hot water heating system. The system will comprise a solar array on the roof of the building that will heat the domestic hot water via a coil in the storage calorifier. The system water will be circulated through the solar panels and coil using a pump. The calorifier provided will have dual coils to allow the solar heating system to be supplemented by the main building heating system. This secondary coil will be used to heat the water if the solar system fails to meet hot water demand. Both coils will be controlled using automatic 3-port control valves For more detailed information about the solar hot water heating system see section 6.1. Acoustics Lighting Electrical Services Supplemented by wind turbines on roof Distribution of Services Landlord Areas Mechanical Electrical Tenants / Public Areas Mechanical LTHW and CHW pipework to air conditioning units will be housed in the ceiling void. Electrical Distribution of small power to the office area will be via floor boxes fed from a raised floor. Power for air conditioning units and lighting will be distributed via the ceiling void. Energy Metering Metering will be provided on both incoming service mains to the site and on sub-circuits within the building for monitoring by the building energy manager. Metering provisions will enable the energy manager to attribute at least 90% of the energy usage to specific systems, e.g. lighting, heating etc. in accordance with The Building Regulations Part L2A  [4]  . The meters provided shall be BMS compatible to allow for automatic data collection. The metering strategy for the building is as follows: Mains Metering Electricity Electricity will be metered on the incoming mains to monitor the buildings overall electrical energy usage and for billing purposes (in accordance with ) Water Water will be metered on the incoming mains to monitor the overall water usage and for billing purposes (in accordance with water bylaws). Gas Gas will be metered on the incoming mains to monitor the overall gas usage and for billing purposes (in accordance with ) Sub-Metering Sub-metering will be provided to monitor energy usage on sub-systems so that the overall energy usage of the building can be broken down into the various systems and analysed by the building energy manager. Sub-metering will also be used to differentiate between energy usage by the landlord and tenants for billing purposes. The sub-metering strategy has been devised in accordance with CIBSE TM39  [5]  . The sub-metering strategy for the building is as follows: Electricity The landlords and tenants supplies will be fed from separate distribution boards to allow differentiation between energy usages. The feeds to these distribution boards will be metered at the L.V switchgear. Metering will also be provided at the local distribution boards to monitor energy usage across the main categories of electricity usage. The categories that will be monitored are: Lighting Office small power (including computer equipment etc.) Ventilation plant Heating plant Cooling plant Air conditioning units Heating/Air Conditioning Heating and air conditioning in the landlord and tenant areas will be fed by separate sub-circuits. The energy used by each of these circuits will be monitored by using in line pipe heat meters located in the service risers. Water Domestic hot and cold water usage at the toilets on levels 1 2, and in the staff areas in the basement will be monitored using water meters located in the service risers. Gas Gas is only used for the gas fired boiler plant. As the gas is metered at the incoming main no sub-metering is required. Solar Domestic Hot Water System The output of the solar hot water generation system will be measured by installing a heat meter inline to the feed from the solar array to the storage calorifier. This heat meter will measure the flow rate of the water as well as its temperature in order to gauge system output. A meter will also be installed in the sub-circuit feed from the LTHW system to ascertain how much LTHW has to be used when the solar hot water generation system fails to satisfy demand. Wind Power System Energy produced by the wind turbines located on the roof of the building will be metered to provide the building energy manager with data on the actual output of the wind turbines. This will be metered on the common feed from the turbines to the storage battery. The consultation on changes to the technical  guidance for Part L issued in June 2009 proposes: The output of any renewable energy system  provided as part of the works must be  separately monitored. Safety Benchmarking This section is to give the reader an idea of the minimum standard to be achieved by your proposed design. Usually BSRIA Rule of Thumb gives you a starting point in W/m2. There is usually guidance in the form of Best Practice for a particular type of building: school, hospital, office, leisure centre etc. CIBSE guide A Table 6.2 Benchmark allowances for internal heat gains in typical buildings BSRIA Rules of thumb 4th ed Heat Calculations You will need to calculate the current baseline design using typical construction materials. This could be done using Hevacomp  [6]  , IES  [7]  or Excel. Then you could consider orientation, shading and construction materials to recalculate heat loss /gains. Typically, improved U values for windows are considered, but then you must justify the decision based on costs / environmental pollution etc. Could include the unoptimised design, if the building is a refurbishment. You should include any restrictions, listed building, planning constraints etc. Heat losses You should make the calculations, say in Hevacomp, but only include a summary in the text. This includes the U values for the building elements: wall, floor, roof, door, windows, these could be calculated from scratch, taken from the CIBSE guide, Hevacomp database or manufacturers data. Literature Review (In-depth investigation) The literature review should consider one or two particular areas. You should use a selection matrix to highlight two or three potential solutions depending on your criteria (your client usually wants the cheapest construction- low capital cost) usually you want either low C02, low energy bills, low maintenance, highest safety etc. You must be able to defend your selection. Now investigate the options based on the selection matrix, you dont need to supply manufacture information, but you may need to hassle manufacturers for cost information, or size information (e.g bore hole depths for ground source heat pumps, GSHP) Heating supply for example You could select gas or electric or CHP or GSHP or ASHP or oil, liquefied gas etc. Select two or three and investigate options in-depth Heating systems You could decide between radiators, under-floor heating, electric storage heaters etc. Ventilation Requirements Ventilation is a means of changing the air within a space in order to: Provide fresh air for respiration Preserve oxygen levels in the air in enclosed spaces Control carbon dioxide Control moisture/humidity Remove heat from processes carried out within a space Remove atmospheric contaminants such as odours, smoke and dust Maintain comfort conditions Provide oxygen for combustion Types of Ventilation Ventilation may take many forms and the method of ventilating buildings will vary from project to project. Whatever the specific design for ventilating a building may be, it can always be divided into three categories- natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation and air conditioning. Designers may decide to focus the design of the buildings ventilation system solely on one of these three methods, or to use a combination of the three. Natural Ventilation Natural ventilation is the most economic method of ventilating a building as it uses components of the buildings structure, such as windows, louvres, trickle vents and air bricks to provide the buildings ventilation, therefore requiring little or no energy to operate (although it can contribute to the buildings energy losses). When deciding to use natural ventilation in a building design the following factors should be taken into consideration: Location: is the building situated in an area where having windows open for the purpose of ventilation is going to allow high noise levels or smells into the building? Size: how big is the building? If the building is large are there internal rooms that are not close to external walls/windows and could therefore be insufficiently ventilated naturally? Temperature maintenance: what measures will be used to maintain a comfortable internal temperature if the external temperatures are fluctuating? Energy consumption: although utilising natural ventilation will reduce energy consumption by not requiring any mechanical plant to operate, constantly having windows open will lead to larger heat losses than would be expected from an identical sealed building. This will increase the energy use of any heating systems in place. Seasonal weather: will natural ventilation provide enough cooling on hot summers days to maintain comfortable conditions? Will it still be practical to have windows open on particularly cold days? If natural ventilation is used as a buildings sole means of ventilation then it can be very difficult to maintain comfortable conditions all year round, as you are depending on an unknown and uncontrollable factor i.e. the weather. The only control that is really available is to open or close windows or other building components. Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical ventilation systems are installed where natural ventilation is impractical or there is a necessity to achieve a specific number of air changes per hour in order to comply with legislation and regulations. Mechanical ventilation systems can take three forms: Mechanical intake with natural extract Mechanical extract with natural intake Mechanical intake and extract Whilst both the capital and running costs of a mechanical system are higher than that of a natural system, mechanical systems will provide a reliable and controllable air change rate that is required in some circumstances, and is simply not achievable via natural ventilation. When deciding to use mechanical ventilation in a building design the following factors should be taken into consideration: Size: is the building big enough to warrant the installation of a mechanical ventilation system? Location/use of rooms: does the building have internal rooms that have no other means of smell/heat extraction such as toilets or kitchens, therefore requiring a mechanical ventilation system? Cost: does the buildings need for ventilation warrant the cost of installing, running and maintaining a mechanical ventilation system? Maintenance: is maintenance of the system going to be easy and affordable? Space: is there going to be enough space in the building for the plant/distribution systems required for a mechanical ventilation system? A mechanical ventilation system provides the occupants of the building with a higher level of control over comfort conditions than would be provided when relying solely on natural ventilation. It would not however provide the level of controllability that can be achieved by an air conditioning system. Air Conditioning Air conditioning is the process of controlling condition of the air supplied to a space by subjecting the air to a number of processes including heating, cooling, humidification and dehumidification. Air conditioning is used where close control of comfort conditions is required, or where acceptable internal conditions cannot be achieved using either natural or mechanical ventilation. When deciding to use an air conditioning system in a building design the following factors should be taken into consideration: Size: is the building big enough to warrant the installation of an air conditioning system? Location/use of rooms: does the building have internal rooms that have no other means of smell/heat extraction such as toilets or kitchens, therefore requiring the installation of a mechanical ventilation system as well as the air conditioning system? Cost: is the need to maintain comfort conditions and temperatures great enough to warrant the cost of installing, running and maintaining an air-conditioning system? Maintenance: is maintenance of the system going to be easy and affordable? Space: is there going to be enough space in the building for the plant/distribution systems required for an air conditioning system? Efficiency: is the plant that is going to be installed going to be energy efficient? An air conditioning system gives by far the greatest level of control over comfort conditions. Temperatures can be controlled locally and accurately, meaning that people in different areas of the building can decide on the conditions that they feel most comfortable. The installation of an air conditioning system can also remove the requirement for a separate heating system, if a multi-functional fan coil unit system, or equivalent, were to be installed, therefore allowing conditions to be maintained comfortably all year round. Renewables Now the Mayor of London has put his backing into renewables, it must be included as a potential measure. Typically students investigate hydrogen, solar heated water, PV, tidal, wind or biomass. You need to decide which one is appropriate then make some calculations. Please learn to use equation editor (its under Insert -> Object). Unfortunately, its not installed by default by Word, but you can add it in by a add/remove option in Office Setup. From your decisions you should be able to calculate the CO2 and energy savings, based this upon a standard condensing boiler and the current price of gas and electricity. Include grants / tax breaks into the calculation. Finally, financials including simple pay back period should be included, but you should rerun the calculation based on future energy prices as well.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

PFC Robert C. Burke-USMC :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PFC Robert Charles Burke on 7 November 1949 in Monticello, Illinois and enlisted in the Marine Corps from Chicago, Illinois. The Marine died on 17 May 1968 in the Southern Quang Nam Province, Republic of Vietnam (South). He received the Congressional Medal of Honor posthumously for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. PFC Burke was serving as a machine gunner with Company I, 3d Battalion, 27th Marines (3/27), 1st Marine Division (REIN), FMF.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The citation, which was signed by then President Richard M. Nixon, reads as follows:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty for service as a machine gunner with Company I on Operation ALLEN BROOK. Company I was approaching a dry river bed with a heavily wooded tree line that borders the hamlet of Lee Nam, when they suddenly came under intense mortar, rocket propelled grenades, automatic weapon and small arms fire from a large, well concealed enemy force which halted the company’s advance and wounded several marines. Realizing that key points of resistance had to be eliminated to allow the units to advance and casualties to be evacuated. Pfc. Burke, without hesitation, seized his machine gun and launched a series of 1-man assaults against the fortified emplacements. As he aggressively maneuvered to the edge of the steep river bank, he delivered accurate suppressive fire upon several enemy bunkers, which enabled his comrades to advance and move the wounded marines to position s of relative safety. As he continued his combative actions, he located an opposing automatic weapons emplacement and poured intense fire into the position, killing 3 North Vietnamese soldiers as they attempted to flee. Pfc. Burke then fearlessly moved from one position to another, quelling the hostile fire until his weapon malfunctioned. Obtaining a casualty’s rifle and hand grenades, he advanced further into the midst of the enemy fire in an assault against another pocket of resistance killing 2 more of the enemy. Observing that a fellow marine had cleared his malfunctioning machine gun he grasped his weapon and moved into a dangerously exposed area and saturated the hostile tree line until he fell mortally wounded.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Advertisement and Promotion in Business

Abstract With the increase in competition among different businesses across all industries, it is vital for companies to ensure that they implement ideal promotional strategies to maintain their competitiveness. This paper presents an in-depth analysis on several aspects of business advertisement and promotions. It addresses the scope of marketing strategies, which covers the process of communication in advertisement, the organization of the advertisement industry in the United Kingdom, the regulation of the industry and the current trends in advertising. It also covers the concept of below-the-line advertisement and suggests the promotional strategies that can be used by Pringles, a well renowned snack brand. Introduction Advertisement and promotion play a vital role in the marketing of products and services of any company by increasing brand awareness and attracting customers (Shimp & Andrews, 2013). It is one of the four components of the 4Ps of marketing, which comprise of product, price, promotion and place (Pride, 2013). Whereas there are different approaches to advertising and promotion, they all have the main objective of communicating about what companies have to offer to their target clients (Percy & Rosenbaum-Elliott, 2012). With the ongoing increase in competition across all industries, companies that fail to advertise or promote their products and services risk losing their competitive edge regardless of how proper the other elements of the marketing mix are (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). This paper covers different issues of advertisement and promotion. These include the marketing communications’ scope and below the line advertisement approaches that can be used to promote Pringles, one of their products. It also designs a plan for an integrated promotional strategy for Pringles. Task 1 – Scope of Marketing Communications1. Explain the communication process that applies to advertising and promotion.Communication in advertisement and promotion aims to ensure that that the messages that businesses intend to pass to their consumers are effectively relayed (Shimp & Andrews, 2013). There are different steps through which these messages undergo before arriving to their target audiences. In promotion and advertisement, the sender – in this case, the advertising company – encodes the message and relays it through a transmission device (Wharton, 2013). Encoding is the creative creation of cues that can either be verbal or non-verbal that will pass the intended message to customers in the most effective manner and also attract the highest possible attention among the target customers (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). After the message has been encoded, ideal transmission devices or avenues are used to pass the message (Wharton, 2013). With the different customer segments being targeted by companies, it is important to select the most ideal avenue through which the advertisement can be passed (Pride, 2013). The message is then decoded by the receiver, where it will trigger different actions in response to the advertisement, which include making purchases of the advertised products or services (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). Whereas companies expect the communication processes of advertisements to lack barriers, there are several that may limit the attainment of the intended advertisement objectives (Wharton, 2013). One of these is the presence of many other adverts by competing companies that may divide the attention of target consumers this is mainly referred to as clutter (Kaser, 2012).2. Explain the organisation of the advertising and promotions industry.The advertising and promotions industry com prises of different entities. These include advertisers, advertising agencies, media organizations and external facilitators (Friedlein, 2014). The roles played by all these parties contribute towards the success of the industry. To ensure effectiveness of this industry, different countries have different approaches of managing these involved parties (O’guinn et al., 2011). In the United Kingdom and Europe, there are different bodies that are involved in the running of the industry. These include the European Association of Communications Agencies (EACA), and the Promotional Marketing Council (PMC) (Warc, 2014). EACA represents media agency associations and full-service advertising across Europe (EACA, 2014). It is based in Brussels, Belgium, and focuses on the promotion for responsible effective and honest advertisement. The organisation also promotes high levels of professionalism and fosters close cooperation among different advertisers, agencies and media outlets in Europ e. PMC, on the other hand, represents the sales promotion industry. Some of the parties represented include suppliers, clients and agencies across several countries in Europe (Warc, 2014).3. Assess how promotion is regulated.Regulation involves the creation or certain rules and regulations to govern different activities in advertisement and promotion. In the United Kingdom, an advertising self-regulatory system for non-broadcast advertising was set up in UK in 1961. This step was taken to ensure that advertisements are responsible and achieve the purpose of making customers aware of products and their repurchase of the products. The UK regulates the promotion industry by using a combination of practice and legislation codes (Advertising Standards Authority, 2014). There are two regulatory committees that create, revise and monitor advertising codes. These are the Broadcast Committee of Advertising Practice (BCAP) and the Committee of Advertising Practice (CAP). The BCAP code creates broadcast advertising rules while CAP creates rules for non-broadcasting advertising, direct marketing and sales promotion (Farrell & Gordon, 2012). These rules are enforced by the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA). With the changes that are always taking place in advertising, these rules are regularly revised to increase effectiveness (Kaser, 2012). However, keeping up with this pace is quite challenging because of the increase in advertisement avenues that has been made possible by technological advancements. As a result, increasing numbers of customers are falling prey to advertisers that advertise inexistent or poor quality products (Cho et al., 2014).4. Examine current trends in advertising and promotion, including the impact of ICT.The current trends in advertising and promotion have majorly been influenced by the increase in the use of the internet and social networking among target customers, which has largely been as a result of ICT development (Friedlein, 2014). There are various internet related trends in product advertising and promotion. These trends include; social media, online display advertising and mobile advertising. Advertisements on the social media, such as Facebook and Twi tter, are on the rise and are referred to as sponsored content (Seth & Kapoor, 2014). Companies are taking advantage of the growing number of people using these avenues because in total, there are approximately 2 billion people signed up to different social media platforms (Tuten & Solomon, 2012). Online display marketing is on the rise, and involves the advertisement of company websites on other websites that target consumers frequently use (Kaser, 2012). According to Persaud and Azhar (2012), an increase in the use of smartphones has also given rise to internet mobile advertising. This is where advertisers reach consumers personally through platforms, such as social media or sending links to company websites, in the form of text messages (Persaud & Azhar, 2012). Whereas these developments provide a convenience of reaching a wide range of clients in a short time and on a smaller budget, there are also different associated demerits (Friedlein, 2014). One of these is the information risk that customers and companies may be prone to because of hacking (Cho et al., 2014). Social media has been regarded by some researchers as one of the fastest avenues through which information passes. Thus, any mistake by a company that may tarnish its reputation can be detrimental to its brand (Tuten & Solomon, 2012). Task 3: Primary techniques of below-the-line technique of sales promotion1. Explain primary techniques of below-the-line promotion and develop a BTL campaign for the brand, â€Å"Pringles†Below-the-line promotionBelow-the line advertisement is a promotional strategy that tends to use other mediums apart from the typical ones like the internet, broadcast, print and billboards (Kaser, 2012). Many companies in the present-day business environment utilize this strategy alongside above-the-line and through-the-line advertisement (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). One of the main attributes of this approach to advertisement is that it is less expensive. However, many companies combine this with above-the-line promotions so as to maintain a better market position, below-the-line promotion being just as complement (Gautam, 2013). Several below-the-line advertisement techniques are discussed hereunder. Field marketing or promotion: It is a process through which salespeople target customers on a one-on-one basis with the aim of promoting certain products and services (Stone & Desmond, 2007). One of the advantages of this approach is that it provides customers with a close interaction with the product being promoted and the salesmen. However, this is time consuming and some customers may not be quite welcoming to the salespeople (Sigala, 2010). The use of coupons: this below the line approach to promotion involves handing coupons to prospective purchasers of commodities and offering incentives or discounts to attract customers, especially those who are price-sensitive (Wharton, 2013). Given that such approaches often offer product at reduced prices for a short duration, there is always a risk of reduced sales when the company resumes its original prices (Kumar & Rajan, 2012). Loyalty programs: These are packages that offer rewards to the frequent buyers of commodities due to their loyalty to the retail outlets (Grewal et al., 2011). Such programs are common in the airline industry, where frequent flyers of a given airline numbering a specified number of flights are awarded for their loyalty in different ways, which may also include free flights. These programs are however more ideal for customers with easy accessibility to the company products (Kaser, 2012).A below-the-line campaign for PringlesPringles is a potato and wheat manufactured snack owned and run under the Kellogg Company (Pringles, 2014). Below-the-line advertisement can be used to compliment the current promotional strategies used. One of the below-the-line approaches that can be used to market Pringles is the field promotion or field marketing approach. To effectively implement this promotional strategy, it is vital for the company to recruit salespeople that have the experience and skills needed to enable them convince people they have never met before to choose the Pringles over competing products in the market (Kaser, 2012). Small samples ought to be distributed for free or be sold at a lower price. Considering that the company mainly targets teenagers and students (Gillespie & Hennessey, 2010), it is advisable for the company to use younger salespeople who are more aware of how to approach and appeal to teenagers. The most ideal places that promoters of this product can target are those with high population of teenagers, like schools, colleges or recreational parks. Though this marketing approach provides an excellent avenue for building a relationship between the target customers and the brand, companies have to invest heavily in training salespeople or promoters to enable them deal with customers of diverse tastes and backgrou nds (Sigala, 2010).2. Evaluate other techniques that can also be used in this BTL campaign.Apart from the above below-the-line approach that can be used by Pringles, there are several other methods that may be adopted to boost sales and promote the product. They are examined below. Pringles can use the Intercept method, where trained sales personnel are positioned at retail outlets besides the shelves holding Pringles in retail stores and supermarkets (Stone & Desmond, 2007). Their main role is to persuade incoming buyers into the stores to purchase Pringles by highlighting their advantages over other competing products. Whereas this approach can increase the sales for the company, it has been criticized for causing impulse buying among customers (Pride, 2013). Sponsorship is also an ideal below the line promotional strategy that can be used by Pringles. This is whereby the company supports events and activities through provision of funds and other resources that are valuable to the success of the event (Woisetschlager & Michaelis, 2012). For Pringles, this strategy can be implemented by sponsoring sports for schools and youth concerts. Awareness of the company or products can be increased by ensuring by printing T-Shirts, caps or any other apparel to be worn by those attending the event. Even with this convenience that the strategy offers to customers, it can be quite cost intensive for the company depending on the size or magnitude of the event being sponsored (Lee et al., 2012). This may have an adverse impact on the company’s return on investment. Task 4: Plan Integrated Promotional Strategies1. Follow an appropriate process for the formulation of a budget for this integrated promotional strategyAn integrated promotional strategy refers to an approach to promotion where a company uses different avenues to and tools to increase the awareness of products (Kaser, 2012). This section presents a plan for a promotional strategy that can be used to market Pringles. Even with the current success that it enjoys across the markets that it operates (Gillespie & Hennessey, 2010), there is still a need for the company to penetrate more in the market and further increase its market share. To implement a successful promotional strategy, it is vital for the company to identify the resources or activities that will be involved. After they are identified, the appropriate budgetary allocation will be done to facilitate the strategy (Reynolds & Lancaste, 2013). The avenues that will be used in this promotion strategy are TV commercials, billboards and online advertisement through social media outlets. The budget is summarized as below. Promotional TechniquesBudget allocation TV commercials?1 million Billboards?100,000 Social media promotion YouTube video advertisements?50,000 Facebook?50,000 Twitter?50,000 Total?1.25 million 2&3: Carry out the development of a promotional plan for the Pringles and plan the integration of promotional techniques into the promotional strategy for PringlesThe table above represents the promotional techniques that will be used in the promotion of Pringles. TV commercials will be used by airing advertisements of the product on channels that air programs that are mostly viewed by the company’s target customers, who are teenagers and the youth (Saxena, 2010). The most ideal channels on which to air these advertisements are music or sports channels. Billboards will be effective if they are located in areas that are densely populated and are located close to outlets of the products. With an increasing number of people who have signed up on Facebook and Twitter social networks, advertising products on these sites also increases their visibility among the target audience (Tuten & Solomon, 2012). It also enables the company to actively engage with the customers that it is tar geting. Thus, it will be imperative for Pringles to consider utilizing these avenues for promotion.4. Appropriate techniques for measuring campaign effectivenessThere are different approaches that can be used by companies in measuring the effectiveness of their promotional campaigns. One of these is the amount of feedback from customers. This is usually mainly in form of inquiries through different avenues about the product being marketed (Pride, 2013). When inquiries are high, it means that the advertisement strategy was effective, and vice versa. Another approach that can be used is the estimation of sales prior to and after the launch of the promotional campaign or the return on investment (ROI) (Kaser, 2012). Successful promotional campaigns ought to result in an increase in sales levels of the company and create revenues that surpass the investment that was put in the promotional activity. For social media advertisements, tools such as SentiStrength can be used to assess the re ception of consumers to the advertisements. SentiStrenth is a sentiment measuring tool that evaluates the level of positivity or negativity of short texts that are mainly used in commenting on social media sites (SentiStrength, 2014). Conclusion Advertisement and promotion are vital components of the marketing mix. Some of the roles that they play include increasing of awareness among target customers about a company’s products and attracting new customers. This paper has addressed different issues that relate to this component of marketing. Under the scope of marketing communications, the paper has explained how the communication works process in promotion. It has also discussed how the organisation and regulation of the advertisement industry in the United Kingdom. The concept of below-the-line advertisement and an integrated promotional strategy that can be used to market Pringles have also been presented. For companies that intend to maintain their competitiveness in the market and attract a wide range of customers, it s vital for them to ensure that their promotional strategies are relevant to their target audiences. Whereas this paper has provided an in-depth understanding on the concepts of advertising and prom otion, in future, primary research can be incorporated, with members of the marketing department and a section of its target customers as respondents. References Advertising Standards Authority, 2014. About Regulation. [Online] Available at: http://www.asa.org.uk/About-ASA/About-regulation.aspx [Accessed May 2014]. Cho, S., Huh, J. & Faber, R.J., 2014. The influence of sender trust and advertiser trust on multistage effects of viral advertising. Journal of Advertising, 43(1), pp.100-11. EACA, 2014. About Us. [Online] Available at: http://www.eaca.eu/ [Accessed 31 May 2014]. Farrell, T. & Gordon, R., 2012. Critical social marketing: investigating alcohol marketing in the developing world. Journal of Social Marketing, 2(2), pp.138-56. Friedlein, A., 2014. Six trends in advertising you need to know for 2014. [Online] Available at: http://www.marketingweek.co.uk/opinion/ashley-friedlein/six-trends-in-advertising-you-need-to-know-for-2014/4009135.article [Accessed May 2014]. Gautam, A., 2013. A study on (below the line) promotion strategies of telecom industry in western (Up) circle (India) with special reference to Reliance Communication. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(22), pp.74-79. Gillespie, K. & Hennessey, ?.D., 2010. Global Marketing. Mason: Cengage Learning. Grewal, D. et al., 2011. Innovations in retail pricing and promotions. Journal of Retailing, 87, pp.43-52. Kaser, K., 2012. Advertising and Sales Promotion. Mason, USA: Cengage Learning. Kumar, V. & Rajan, B., 2012. Social coupons as a marketing strategy: a multifaceted perspective. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(1), pp.120-36. Lee, D.-C., Hung, L.-M. & Chen, M.-L., 2012. Empirical Study on the Influence among Corporate Sponsorship, Organizational Commitment, Organizational Cohesiveness and Turnover Intention. Journal of Management and Sustainability, 2(2), pp. 43-53 Mishra, P., 2009. Sales Management: Keys to Effective Sales. New Delhi: Global India Publications. O’guinn, T., Allen, C. & Semenik, R., 2011. Advertising and integrated brand promotion. Mason: Cengage Learning. Percy, L. & Rosenbaum-Elliott, R., 2012. Strategic Advertising Management. Oxford: Oxford University press. Persaud, A. & Azhar, I., 2012. Innovative mobile marketing via smartphones: are consumers readyMarketing Intelligence & Planning, 30(4), pp.418-43. Pride, W.M., 2013. Marketing 2014, 17th ed. Mason: Cengage Learning. Pringles, 2014. Products. [Online] Available at: http://www.pringles.co.uk/products [Accessed 31 May 2014]. Reynolds, P. & Lancaste, ?G., 2013. Marketing. New Jersey: Routledge. Saxena, R., 2010. Marketing Management 4E. London: McGraw-Hill Education. SentiStrength, 2014. Sentiment Analysis. [Online] Available at: http://sentistrength.wlv.ac.uk/results.php?text=Luois+Vuitton+have+nice+clothes+but+i+hate+their+prices&submit=Detect+Sentiment [Accessed 19 May 2014]. Seth, S. & Kapoor, K., 2014. Fostering Creativity & Innovation In Marketing Communication through Social Media. The International Journal Of Business & Management, 2(1), pp.19-24. Shimp, T. & Andrews, J.C., 2013. Advertising promotion and other aspects of integrated marketing communications. Mason: Cengage Learning. Sigala, M., 2010. The Handbook of Field Marketing: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding and Outsourcing Face-to-face Direct Marketing. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 19(1), pp.67-68. Stone, M.A. & Desmond,J ?., 2007. Fundamentals of Marketing. London: Routledge. Tuten, T.L. & Solomon, M.R., 2012. Social Media Marketing. New York: Prentice Hall. Warc, 2014. Promotional Marketing Council. [Online] Available at: http://www.warc.com/ContentandPartners/PromotionalMarketingCouncil.info [Accessed May 2014]. Wharton, C., 2013. Advertising as Culture. Bristol: Intellect. Woisetschlager, D.M. & Michaelis, M., 2012. Sponsorship congruence and brand image: A pre-post event analysis. European Journal of Marketing, 46(3/4), pp.509-23.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Free Essays on Samson Agonistes

The character that once was Samson Agonistes, â€Å"herotic renowned/, No strength of man, or fierest Wild beast, could withstand: Who tore the lion as the lion tears the kid;† (Samson 125-127) is no longer. Instead he is a prisoner of his enemies chained and blinded by them, deceived by his own wife. In this story we see how Samson, after such heretic activities, traces his steps back and speaks of his down fall. The chorus, his friends, console him encouraging him to speak about his life and try to bring him out of his darkness. In this story Samson’s speeches are harsh. There is a vindictive unreconcilled tone in the agony expressed by Samson over his blindness, his defeat and the treachery of his wife. Samson also sees the loss of his eyesight as the worst possible thing. He believes that light is the prime work of God and since light is so necessary to life he is living a half dead life. Samson considers death a privilege because he would be buried and relieved of all his pains and wrongs. In the end, Samson shook the two massy pillars that gave the roof main support and with that the building fell and killed all those beneath. Samson Agonistes is a dramatic Greek tragedy. It not only follows every characteristic of Greek drams but it embodies it. Most importantly Greek tragedies evolve from religions rituals. This story is based on the story of Samson as it is told from Judges chapter13-16. It begins after Samson has been captured and tortured by the Philistines. Greek tragedy also stresses the sacrificial nature of human life and the inevitability of death. Tragedy is concerned with the pain of human existence and how the characters deal with the pain. It puts the characters against forces do large they seem to be invincible. (Greek tragedy & its Influences) Greek drama also puts the individual against a part of themselves. It convinces us to admire the p... Free Essays on Samson Agonistes Free Essays on Samson Agonistes The character that once was Samson Agonistes, â€Å"herotic renowned/, No strength of man, or fierest Wild beast, could withstand: Who tore the lion as the lion tears the kid;† (Samson 125-127) is no longer. Instead he is a prisoner of his enemies chained and blinded by them, deceived by his own wife. In this story we see how Samson, after such heretic activities, traces his steps back and speaks of his down fall. The chorus, his friends, console him encouraging him to speak about his life and try to bring him out of his darkness. In this story Samson’s speeches are harsh. There is a vindictive unreconcilled tone in the agony expressed by Samson over his blindness, his defeat and the treachery of his wife. Samson also sees the loss of his eyesight as the worst possible thing. He believes that light is the prime work of God and since light is so necessary to life he is living a half dead life. Samson considers death a privilege because he would be buried and relieved of all his pains and wrongs. In the end, Samson shook the two massy pillars that gave the roof main support and with that the building fell and killed all those beneath. Samson Agonistes is a dramatic Greek tragedy. It not only follows every characteristic of Greek drams but it embodies it. Most importantly Greek tragedies evolve from religions rituals. This story is based on the story of Samson as it is told from Judges chapter13-16. It begins after Samson has been captured and tortured by the Philistines. Greek tragedy also stresses the sacrificial nature of human life and the inevitability of death. Tragedy is concerned with the pain of human existence and how the characters deal with the pain. It puts the characters against forces do large they seem to be invincible. (Greek tragedy & its Influences) Greek drama also puts the individual against a part of themselves. It convinces us to admire the p...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

4 Strategies to Avoid Truck Driver Burnout

4 Strategies to Avoid Truck Driver Burnout Long haul driving is hard. Period. Truck drivers are said to work 70-hour work weeks, but we all know the reality is more like 90. Compared to a normal office worker, clocking in at 40 hours a week, this is already a recipe for exhaustion. Add in the fact that off-duty time, usually spent waiting between loads or at a truck stop, requires a certain amount of vigilance and maintenance of the rig- and isn’t really down time after all. Plus the fact that the human body prefers to sleep at night, in the dark, when the body’s natural rhythm calls for it. And that, to be healthy, one needs better access to healthier food than can be found at truck stops or fast food eateries- and you’ve got a whole lot of drivers barreling down the highway towards depression, exhaustion, poor-health, and the dreaded burn out.Here are four strategies to make sure this doesn’t happen to you, whatever stage you might be at in your trucking career:1. Take vacationsYou might think yo u can’t afford the time off, even if you’ve been allotted it. But really, it’s the other way around; you can’t afford not to take the time off to rest and recharge. It will make you a safer, happier, and healthier driver. Take holidays as well! Family time is important. The normal rhythms of civilian life are too.2. Take breaksYou may get bonus points with your boss, and perhaps an extra couple of bucks, for getting there an hour sooner. But at what cost? Breaks, especially when you’re feeling even slightly fatigued, can be a game changer and a serious morale booster.3. Get regularIf at all possible, try and get on a regular route. You’ll be able to stop in the same places, build yourself a routine, and get on a more regular sleep pattern. If this isn’t possible, put yourself on the spare board on a regular, rotating basis. Falling asleep at the wheel is never worth the risk.4. Embrace the electronicNobody is particularly thrilled wit h these new electronic logs, but they may actually help level the playing field. They’ll take everyone off the road after 70 or so hours, and enforce breaks and rests. You’ll never have to worry that someone else is putting in double hours to make bank. And you can take your much-deserved break in peace.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Investigations in Asthma Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Investigations in Asthma - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that asthma is a clinical syndrome of unknown etiology characterized by three distinct components: (1) recurrent episodes of airway obstruction that resolve spontaneously or as a result of treatment; (2) exaggerated bronchoconstrictor response to stimuli that have little or no effect in nonasthmatic subjects, a phenomenon known as airway hyperresponsiveness; and (3) inflammation of the airways.  This essay discusses that a  large national study has revealed that in the UK the incidence rate of asthma has decreased in the last few years from 6.9 per 1000 patient years in 2001 to 5.2 per 1000 patient years in 2005. This decrease is most prominent in children under 5 years of age. This group also shows a decrease in the lifetime prevalence of asthma. In adults, however, the lifetime prevalence has increased with one person in every nine being diagnosed with asthma. These figures show that asthma is one of the major health problems we face today. This paper illustrates that the investigations carried out in a case of asthma depend upon the mode of presentation of the patient. The researcher’s patient presented with acute severe asthma, with a widespread expiratory wheeze. In such a patient, the initial investigations will be aimed at analyzing rapidly the condition of the patient and determining the emergency measures that need to be instituted.... e or a PEFR of less than 200L/min would be classified as severe asthma(Boon, Colledge, Walker & Hunter 2006), requiring iv steroids and nebulized salbutamol and terbutaline. Because PEF meters are inexpensive and widely available, they also play an important role in confirmation of a diagnosis of asthma in patients with mild symptoms. The patients are told to record morning and evening values of PEF. Morning values 20 % lower than evening values are indicative of asthma, as is improvement in symptoms after administration of corticosteroids for a period of 3 weeks. (Boon, Colledge, Walker & Hunter 2006.) Studies demonstrate that PEF meters are a patient friendly method of monitoring of disease progression although prolonged periods of measurement are met with decreased patient compliance. Compliance with PEF measurements was found to be good during the first month (63% of the measurements done) but even with regular reinforcement, fell to 50% at 6 months and to 33% at 12 months. (Cote, Cartier and Malo 1998). Furthermore it has been found that individualized action plans based on the patients best PEFR measurements consistently improve asthma health outcomes. (Gibson & Powell 2004). PEFR measurements are also useful in the diagnosis of occupational asthma. If PEFR measurements are made every 2 hours over a period of 2 weeks, including a period of time away from work then the sensitivity and specificity of this test for the detection of occupational asthma are 71 and 84% respectively(Perrin & Lagier 1992). PEFR measurement is useful however it also has certain shortcomings which may influence the investigation. Some degree of airflow obstruction may be present when the peak flow remains within the normal range. Peak flow measurements are not enough to distinguish upper

Friday, November 1, 2019

'The principle of binding precedent is too inflexible and stifles the Essay

'The principle of binding precedent is too inflexible and stifles the development of the law. It should be abolished.' Discu - Essay Example Similarly if the binding precedent was one that allows for same sex marriages the judge would have to rule in favour of that statute regardless of their own personally held belief to the contrary2. This principal has been followed in jurisprudence in all of the countries that follow the precepts of common law3. There are a couple of situations that must obtain where the Binding Precedent has to be followed. The first is that the courts accept the hierarchy that is in place and the superiority of the court or judge that ruled in the binding precedent. The level of the court can also be the same as the one hearing the latter case. The second situation is that the material facts of law in the latter case must be similar or be based on the same principle as the matter in the original precedent. Binding precedents, as a whole, are usually covered by the doctrine or principle of the Latin maxim: Stare Decisiset Non QueitaMovere which in its most literal translation means â€Å"stand by th e decision and do not unsettle the established†. ... The first of such reasons is for the efficiency that the use of device of binding precedentaffords as well as the savings in time and resources in the deliberation and ruling on a matter at hand. The binding precedent does not stifle the development of law but rather improves the efficiency of the application of law. The main principle here being that if each and every judgement was made as a â€Å"fresh† or â€Å"new† ruling, without relying on an kind of precedence then it would result in an arbitrary and unnecessary delay in the judicial decision-making process. The use of the binding precedent therefore results in a much faster and more efficient administration of justice and employs this time-saving device in a way that results in a faster and more efficient legal process. If a similar matter has been heard and determined during a previous time and most probably by a court of higher authority there really is no reason why a lower court should not dispense of the de cision in quicker fashion by accepting the precedent. The binding precedent also provides the administration of justice with a certain degree of certainty. It allows litigants to approach the courts with a certainty that all things being equal then the balance of justice would be the same regardless of the time and place of its actual implementation4. The binding precedent means that lawyers can advise their clients with confidence and certainty on matters of legal principle knowing that the previously existing authorities will be able to bear them out and results in a greater confidence in the law by those that pursue claims through the court process. Binding precedent ensures that the lesson learnt in previous judgements and ruling is therefore consistently and similarly applied in future and that